*Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC)*
*Competitive Examination – Anthropology*
*Paper: Anthropology (100 Marks)*
*Time Allowed: 3 Hours*
*Instructions:*

1. Answer *Part-I* (MCQs) on the provided OMR sheet.
2. Answer *Part-II* (Subjective) in the answer booklet.
3. Write clearly and concisely.

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### *Part-I: Multiple Choice Questions (20 Marks)*
(Answer all questions. Each question carries 1 mark.)

1. *Who pioneered the concept of “cultural materialism”?*
a) Claude Lévi-Strauss
b) Marvin Harris
c) Franz Boas
d) Margaret Mead

2. *The term “participant observation” is central to:*
a) Archaeology
b) Ethnography
c) Linguistics
d) Primatology

3. *Which archaeological dating method relies on tree-ring patterns?*
a) Stratigraphy
b) Dendrochronology
c) Carbon-14
d) Thermoluminescence

4. *The “Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis” emphasizes:*
a) Genetic determinism
b) Linguistic relativity
c) Social stratification
d) Cultural diffusion

5. *A key feature of Neolithic revolution is:*
a) Domestication of animals
b) Use of bronze tools
c) Urbanization
d) Writing systems

6. *Which theory critiques the linear progression of societies from “savagery” to “civilization”?*
a) Functionalism
b) Structuralism
c) Unilineal Evolution
d) Postmodernism

7. *The concept of “habitus” is associated with:*
a) Pierre Bourdieu
b) Max Weber
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Clifford Geertz

8. *Which site is linked to the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan?*
a) Harappa
b) Mohenjo-Daro
c) Taxila
d) All of the above

9. *Forensic anthropology primarily deals with:*
a) Cultural rituals
b) Human skeletal remains
c) Language preservation
d) Primatology

10. *The term “bridewealth” refers to:*
a) Dowry paid by the groom
b) Gifts from the bride’s family
c) Compensation to the bride’s kin
d) Inheritance rights

(Continue similar MCQs covering kinship, ethnocentrism, primate behavior, and Pakistani cultural practices.)

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### *Part-II: Subjective Questions (80 Marks)*
*Section A: Short Answer Questions (40 Marks)*
(Answer any 8 questions. Each question carries 5 marks.)

1. Differentiate between emic and etic perspectives in ethnographic research.
2. Explain the significance of the Kula Ring in Trobriand Island society.
3. How does gene flow contribute to human genetic diversity?
4. Discuss the role of NGOs in applied anthropology in Pakistan.
5. What are the ethical challenges in conducting fieldwork among indigenous communities?
6. Outline the key features of the Indus Valley Civilization’s urban planning.
7. How does linguistic anthropology explain the relationship between language and identity?
8. Critically evaluate the Multiregional Hypothesis of human evolution.
9. Describe the concept of cultural hegemony with an example.
10. Analyze the impact of climate change on pastoralist communities in South Asia.

*Section B: Essay Questions (40 Marks)*
(Answer any 2 questions. Each question carries 20 marks.)

1. *”Globalization has eroded traditional cultural practices.”* Critically analyze this statement with examples from Pakistan.
2. Compare and contrast Bronisław Malinowski’s functionalism with Claude Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism.
3. Evaluate the role of anthropology in addressing contemporary issues like refugee crises or gender inequality.
4. Discuss the relevance of Darwin’s theory of evolution in modern biological anthropology.

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*Answer Key for Part-I (MCQs):*
1. b) Marvin Harris
2. b) Ethnography
3. b) Dendrochronology
4. b) Linguistic relativity
5. a) Domestication of animals
6. d) Postmodernism
7. a) Pierre Bourdieu
8. d) All of the above
9. b) Human skeletal remains
10. c) Compensation to the bride’s kin